Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)

AUS-AKW-CON-SOC General Moderate confidence

Benchmark Value

No specific value — see range
Range: 0.5 to 0.8 %
Optimal Range: 0.5 to 0.8
Direction: Higher is desirable ↑
Form: OptimalRange

Scoring Curve

This curve shows how a field measurement for this indicator would score across all available benchmark forms in this context.

Evidence & Context

Based on the synthesis and triangulation of the available evidence, the following texture-stratified benchmark values are proposed for Soil Organic Carbon (0-10 cm) representing the best available condition in Australia's Arid Karstic Woodlands & Shrublands under Conservation / Protected Natural Areas management: Benchmark for Sandy Calcareous Soils: A range of 0.5 – 0.8% is proposed. Benchmark for Loamy/Clayey Calcareous Soils: A range of 1.0 – 1.3% is proposed.

Metric Definition:

Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) concentration in the 0-10 cm soil layer representing the organic carbon fraction of soil organic matter.

Justification:

Derived by synthesizing quantitative data from semi-arid calcareous agricultural soils and calibrating with qualitative descriptions of 'low' SOC from arid calcareous rangelands, adjusted for the arid biome and conservation land use.

Sources (1)

Preview of A Synthesis of Australian Soil Carbon Data for Arid and Calcareous Environments (Derived from Schapel et al., 2021; and other sources)
A Synthesis of Australian Soil Carbon Data for Arid and Calcareous Environments (Derived from Schapel et al., 2021; and other sources)
View Source

Supporting Sources (30)

Additional references from the underlying research that informed this benchmark.

Preview of (PDF) Drivers of soil organic carbon storage and vertical distribution in Eastern Australia, accessed July 22, 2025,
(PDF) Drivers of soil organic carbon storage and vertical distribution in Eastern Australia, accessed July 22, 2025,
Direct Evidence Government

Soil respiration–driven CO2 pulses dominate Australia's flux variability

View Source
Preview of (PDF) Soil Groups of Western Australia - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
(PDF) Soil Groups of Western Australia - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Effect of land rehabilitation measures on soil organic carbon fractions in semi-arid environment - Frontiers, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of A review of sampling designs for the measurement of soil organic carbon in Australian grazing lands - Integrity Systems, accessed July 27, 2025,
A review of sampling designs for the measurement of soil organic carbon in Australian grazing lands - Integrity Systems, accessed July 27, 2025,
Direct Evidence Government

Total nitrogen levels as a key constraint on soil organic carbon ...

View Source
Preview of An ensemble estimate of Australian soil organic carbon using machine learning and process-based modelling, accessed July 26, 2025
An ensemble estimate of Australian soil organic carbon using machine learning and process-based modelling, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Soil carbon - CSIRO, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Assessing Soil Organic Carbon in Semi-Arid Agricultural Soils Using UAVs and Machine Learning: A Pathway to Sustainable Water and Soil Resource Management - MDPI, accessed July 26, 2025
Assessing Soil Organic Carbon in Semi-Arid Agricultural Soils Using UAVs and Machine Learning: A Pathway to Sustainable Water and Soil Resource Management - MDPI, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Total Organic Carbon - Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Assessing the influence of shrubs and their interspaces on enhancing infiltration in arid Australian shrubland | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Assessing the influence of shrubs and their interspaces on enhancing infiltration in arid Australian shrubland | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Fallen logs as sources of patchiness in chenopod shrublands of South Australia | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Assessing the response of soil carbon in Australia to changing inputs and climate using a consistent modelling framework - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Assessing the response of soil carbon in Australia to changing inputs and climate using a consistent modelling framework - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Assessing the response of soil carbon in Australia to changing inputs and climate using a consistent modelling framework - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Australia's Soil Carbon Opportunities and Risks - Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE), accessed July 26, 2025
Australia's Soil Carbon Opportunities and Risks - Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE), accessed July 26, 2025
Direct Evidence Journal

Soil – the driver of carbon dioxide variability over Australia, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Australian Soil Classification edition 3 - CALCAROSOLS, accessed July 26, 2025
Australian Soil Classification edition 3 - CALCAROSOLS, accessed July 26, 2025
Direct Evidence

Distribution, characteristics and management of calcareous soils

View Source
Preview of Baseline map of organic carbon in Australian soil to support national carbon accounting and monitoring under climate change - PubMed Central, accessed August 5, 2025,
Baseline map of organic carbon in Australian soil to support national carbon accounting and monitoring under climate change - PubMed Central, accessed August 5, 2025,
Direct Evidence Journal

Soil Organic Matter and Carbon Sequestration

View Source
Preview of Benchmarking soil organic carbon to support ... - Thünen-Institut, accessed July 26, 2025
Benchmarking soil organic carbon to support ... - Thünen-Institut, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Benchmarking soil organic carbon to support ... - Thünen-Institut, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Carbon storage in the Caliche of arid soils: A case study from Arizona - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Carbon storage in the Caliche of arid soils: A case study from Arizona - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

(PDF) Environmental drivers of soil organic carbon in the Australian ..., accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Critical review of the impacts of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon storage and other soil quality indicators in extensively managed grasslands - PubMed Central, accessed August 5, 2025,
Critical review of the impacts of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon storage and other soil quality indicators in extensively managed grasslands - PubMed Central, accessed August 5, 2025,
Direct Evidence Journal

Biodiversity Conservation Trust Livestock grazing guidelines

View Source
Preview of Environmental drivers of soil organic carbon in the Australian rangelands - Bohrium, accessed July 26, 2025
Environmental drivers of soil organic carbon in the Australian rangelands - Bohrium, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Environmental drivers of soil organic carbon in the Australian rangelands - Bohrium, accessed July 30, 2025

View Source
Preview of Factors Controlling Soil Organic Carbon Stocks with Depth in Eastern Australia, accessed July 26, 2025
Factors Controlling Soil Organic Carbon Stocks with Depth in Eastern Australia, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Factors Controlling Soil Organic Carbon Stocks with Depth in Eastern Australia, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Invasive native scrub and soil condition in semi-arid south-eastern Australia - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Invasive native scrub and soil condition in semi-arid south-eastern Australia - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Direct Evidence

Invasive native scrub and soil condition in semi-arid south-eastern Australia - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Key Considerations in Sequestering Carbon as Soil Organic Carbon, accessed July 26, 2025
Key Considerations in Sequestering Carbon as Soil Organic Carbon, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Key Considerations in Sequestering Carbon as Soil Organic Carbon, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Land | State of the Environment Report 2011, accessed August 10, 2025,
Land | State of the Environment Report 2011, accessed August 10, 2025,
Direct Evidence Journal

Reef Trust Phase IVGully and Stream Bank Toolbox ... - DCCEEW

View Source
Preview of Linking Soil Organic Carbon Stocks to Land-use Types in a ..., accessed July 26, 2025
Linking Soil Organic Carbon Stocks to Land-use Types in a ..., accessed July 26, 2025
Direct Evidence Journal

Linking Soil Organic Carbon Stocks to Land-use Types in a ..., accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Mapping the distribution and magnitude of soil inorganic and organic carbon stocks across Australia - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Mapping the distribution and magnitude of soil inorganic and organic carbon stocks across Australia - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

West Musgrave Copper and Nickel Project - EPA WA, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Q1. Identifying calcareous soil - Soils Connect, accessed July 26, 2025
Q1. Identifying calcareous soil - Soils Connect, accessed July 26, 2025
Direct Evidence Journal

Q1. Identifying calcareous soil - Soils Connect, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Soil carbon benchmarks - Department for Environment and Water, accessed July 26, 2025
Soil carbon benchmarks - Department for Environment and Water, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Soil carbon benchmarks - Department for Environment and Water, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of SOIL CARBON EDITION - North Central Catchment Management Authority, accessed July 26, 2025
SOIL CARBON EDITION - North Central Catchment Management Authority, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

SOIL CARBON EDITION - North Central Catchment Management Authority, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of SOIL CARBON EDITION - North Central Catchment Management Authority, accessed July 6, 2025,
SOIL CARBON EDITION - North Central Catchment Management Authority, accessed July 6, 2025,
Direct Evidence Journal

0524-2837-MTDC; Hand-Held Electronic Cone Penetrometers for Measuring Soil Strength page02 - Forest Service, accessed July 28, 2025

View Source
Preview of Soil carbon sequestration in rangelands: a critical review of the impacts of major management strategies - CSIRO Publishing, accessed August 5, 2025,
Soil carbon sequestration in rangelands: a critical review of the impacts of major management strategies - CSIRO Publishing, accessed August 5, 2025,
Direct Evidence Journal

Synthesis of Australian Rangeland SOC Data from CSIRO, Peer-Reviewed Literature, and Government Reports

View Source
Preview of Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential: A review for Australian agriculture - MLA, accessed August 5, 2025,
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential: A review for Australian agriculture - MLA, accessed August 5, 2025,
Direct Evidence GreyLiterature

Coexistence of shrubs and grass in a semi-arid landscape: a case study of mulga (Acacia aneura, Mimosaceae) shrublands embedded in fire-prone spinifex (Triodia pungens, Poaceae) hummock grasslands - CSIRO PUBLISHING | Australian Journal of Botany

View Source
Preview of Soil Inorganic Carbon, the Other and Equally Important Soil Carbon Pool: Distribution, Controlling Factors, and the Impact of C, accessed July 26, 2025
Soil Inorganic Carbon, the Other and Equally Important Soil Carbon Pool: Distribution, Controlling Factors, and the Impact of C, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Chapter 5, accessed July 22, 2025

View Source
Preview of Soil organic carbon stock capacity in karst dolines under different land uses - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Soil organic carbon stock capacity in karst dolines under different land uses - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Benchmarking soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration provides more robust soil health assessment than the SOC/clay ratio at Euro, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Soils — Landscape restoration and carbon - AGRONOMO, accessed July 26, 2025
Soils — Landscape restoration and carbon - AGRONOMO, accessed July 26, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Plant form and function from an ecohydrological perspective in the Australian arid zone, with reference to mine-site rehabilitation., accessed July 26, 2025

View Source
Preview of Soils and carbon for reduced emissions - Agriculture Victoria, accessed July 6, 2025,
Soils and carbon for reduced emissions - Agriculture Victoria, accessed July 6, 2025,
Direct Evidence Government

Soils and carbon for reduced emissions - Agriculture Victoria, accessed July 26, 2025

View Source

Context

  • Region Australia
  • Biome Arid Karstic Woodlands & Shrublands
  • Land Use Conservation / Protected Natural Areas
  • Assessment Pristine Reference
  • Evidence Type ReferenceCondition

Lifecycle

  • Status Active
  • Version 1
  • Effective From 4 Jun 2026

Notes

No upper detrimental threshold — higher values are always better up to natural saturation. This range represents the best available condition for sandy calcareous soils in protected natural areas within the Arid Karstic Woodlands & Shrublands biome.

Related Benchmarks

Other benchmarks in the AUS-AKW-CON-SOC family.

— % Moderate
Conservation / Protected Natural Areas · Pristine Reference
OptimalRange Active v1
0.5 % Low
Conservation / Protected Natural Areas · Pristine Reference
MinimumOnly Active v1