Soil Structure & Compaction

AUS-TMS-FOR-SSC General Moderate confidence

Benchmark Value

No specific value — see range

Range: 500 to 2000 kPa

Thresholds: Lower: 500, Upper: 3000

Optimal Range: 500 to 2000

Direction: Lower is desirable ↓

Form: CompositeFramework

Scoring Curve

Scoring curve unavailable

The scoring engine could not generate a curve for this benchmark context. The primary form is CompositeFramework, but the benchmark data may be missing required fields (e.g., optimal range bounds for an OptimalRange benchmark). This is typically a data quality issue in the benchmark pipeline.

Contributing Benchmarks

CompositeFramework Primary MaximumOnly Guard UpperThreshold Guard MaximumOnly Guard UpperThreshold Guard MaximumOnly Guard MinimumOnly Guard OptimalRange Guard Point Guard OptimalRange Guard OptimalRange Guard MaximumOnly Guard

Evidence & Context

No specific "best-on-offer" penetrometer resistance (PR) benchmark for Production Forestry in Australian Tropical Monsoonal Savannas was found in the reviewed literature. However, functional ranges are inferred: Lower Critical Threshold: PR <500-1000 kPa (at field capacity) generally indicates good, uncompacted conditions. Optimal Range: Literature suggests an optimal range for root health is <1500-2000 kPa (measured at field capacity) in the main rooting zone. Upper Detrimental Threshold: PR >2000 kPa (at field capacity) is generally considered limiting to root growth, with >3000 kPa being severely restrictive for many tree species.

Metric Definition:

Penetrometer resistance (PR) measured in kPa, indicating soil compaction and structure relevant to root growth and soil ecological function.

Benchmark Definition:

This benchmark represents inferred functional ranges of soil penetrometer resistance (PR) in Tropical Monsoonal Savannas under Production Forestry, indicating soil compaction levels that affect root growth and soil health.

Justification:

The document states that no specific benchmark value was found for the target context, but functional ranges are inferred from general soil science principles and analogous studies, indicating thresholds for good, optimal, and detrimental soil compaction levels.

Sources (2)

Preview of (PDF) Soil compaction and eucalyptus growth in response to forwarder traffic intensity and load - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

(PDF) Soil compaction and eucalyptus growth in response to forwarder traffic intensity and load - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025, Journal

Soil penetration resistance and tree root development | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of Soil penetration resistance and tree root development | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

Soil penetration resistance and tree root development | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025, Journal

Effects of soil compaction on the growth and mortality of planted dipterocarp seedlings in a logged-over tropical rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

Supporting Sources (19)

Additional references from the underlying research that informed this benchmark.

Preview of (PDF) Soil Compaction and Root Growth: A Review - ResearchGate, accessed July 30, 2025,

(PDF) Soil Compaction and Root Growth: A Review - ResearchGate, accessed July 30, 2025,

Direct Evidence

(PDF) Soil Compaction and Root Growth: A Review - ResearchGate

Preview of Assessment of Code of Practice for Plantation Forestry: Northern Territory - DAFF, accessed May 16, 2025,

Assessment of Code of Practice for Plantation Forestry: Northern Territory - DAFF, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support

Assessment of Code of Practice for Plantation Forestry: Northern Territory - DAFF, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of bg.copernicus.org, accessed May 16, 2025,

bg.copernicus.org, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

bg.copernicus.org, accessed May 16, 2025,

Changes in cone penetrometer resistance (KPa) through the profile in... - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Changes in cone penetrometer resistance (KPa) through the profile in... - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of Effects of Recreational Camping on the Environmental Values of National Parks in Sri Lanka, accessed May 16, 2025,

Effects of Recreational Camping on the Environmental Values of National Parks in Sri Lanka, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Effects of Recreational Camping on the Environmental Values of National Parks in Sri Lanka, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of Effects of soil compaction on the growth and mortality of planted dipterocarp seedlings in a logged-over tropical rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 30, 2025,

Effects of soil compaction on the growth and mortality of planted dipterocarp seedlings in a logged-over tropical rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 30, 2025,

Direct Evidence Journal

International Workshop on Soils - This document is discoverable and free to researchers across the globe due to the work of AgEcon Search. Help ensure our sustain, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of Estimation of the impact of precrops and climate variability on soil depth- differentiated spring wheat growth and water, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

Estimation of the impact of precrops and climate variability on soil depth- differentiated spring wheat growth and water, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Estimation of the impact of precrops and climate variability on soil depth- differentiated spring wheat growth and water, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of fwpa.com.au, accessed May 16, 2025,

fwpa.com.au, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

fwpa.com.au, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of Grazing management systems and their effects on savanna ecosystem dynamics - CiteSeerX, accessed May 16, 2025,

Grazing management systems and their effects on savanna ecosystem dynamics - CiteSeerX, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support

Grazing management systems and their effects on savanna ecosystem dynamics - CiteSeerX, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of Impacts of Logging-Associated Compaction on Forest Soils: A Meta-Analysis

Impacts of Logging-Associated Compaction on Forest Soils: A Meta-Analysis

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Impacts of Logging-Associated Compaction on Forest Soils: A Meta-Analysis

Preview of International Workshop on Soils - This document is discoverable and free to researchers across the globe due to the work of AgEcon Search. Help ensure our sustain, accessed May 16, 2025,

International Workshop on Soils - This document is discoverable and free to researchers across the globe due to the work of AgEcon Search. Help ensure our sustain, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

International Workshop on Soils - This document is discoverable and free to researchers across the globe due to the work of AgEcon Search. Help ensure our sustain, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of Management impacts on health of soils supporting Australian grain ..., accessed July 28, 2025

Management impacts on health of soils supporting Australian grain ..., accessed July 28, 2025

Contextual Support Journal

Sitemap - Forest & Wood Products Australia, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of National Soil Monitoring Program - CSIRO, accessed August 4, 2025,

National Soil Monitoring Program - CSIRO, accessed August 4, 2025,

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

National Soil Monitoring Program - CSIRO, accessed July 8, 2025

Preview of Pinelands: Impacts of Different Long-Term Land Uses on Soil Physical Properties in Red Ferrosols - MDPI, accessed July 19, 2025

Pinelands: Impacts of Different Long-Term Land Uses on Soil Physical Properties in Red Ferrosols - MDPI, accessed July 19, 2025

Contextual Support Journal

Land management technical notes and fact sheets

Preview of Sitemap - Forest & Wood Products Australia, accessed May 16, 2025,

Sitemap - Forest & Wood Products Australia, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

fwpa.com.au, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT STAND ...

SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT STAND ...

Direct Evidence Journal

SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT STAND ...

Preview of The water quality and economic benefits of agricultural management practices, accessed August 5, 2025

The water quality and economic benefits of agricultural management practices, accessed August 5, 2025

Contextual Support Journal

DRINKING WATER QUALITY ANNUAL REPORT 2022-2023 - Alpine Resorts Victoria

Preview of www.forestworks.com.au, accessed May 16, 2025,

www.forestworks.com.au, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Assessment of Code of Practice for Plantation Forestry: Northern Territory - DAFF, accessed May 16, 2025,

Preview of www.frontiersin.org, accessed May 16, 2025,

www.frontiersin.org, accessed May 16, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

www.frontiersin.org

Context

Region Australia
Biome Tropical Monsoonal Savannas
Land Use Production Forestry
Assessment Not Stated
Evidence Type ReferenceCondition

Lifecycle

Status Active
Version 1
Effective From 1 Jun 2026

Notes

Functional ranges are based on literature and analogous systems, emphasizing the importance of soil moisture at measurement and the detrimental effects of high PR values on root growth and soil ecological functions. AssessmentContext defaulted to 'Not Stated' because the source document did not state one.