Litter Cover

AUS-AMR-CON-LIT General Moderate confidence

Benchmark Value

50 %
Direction: Higher is desirable ↑
Form: MinimumOnly

Scoring Curve

Scoring curve unavailable

The scoring engine could not generate a curve for this benchmark context. The primary form is CompositeFramework, but the benchmark data may be missing required fields (e.g., optimal range bounds for an OptimalRange benchmark). This is typically a data quality issue in the benchmark pipeline.

Contributing Benchmarks

CompositeFramework Primary OptimalRange Guard LowerThreshold Guard Point Guard Point Guard MinimumOnly Guard Point Guard OptimalRange Guard MinimumOnly Guard MinimumOnly Guard Point Guard OptimalRange Guard MaximumOnly Guard

Evidence & Context

A widely accepted and implemented management target, particularly for the rangelands of New South Wales but applicable more broadly, is the maintenance of a minimum of 50% total ground cover.

Metric Definition:

Minimum total ground cover (%) required to prevent significant ecosystem function compromise due to soil erosion.

Benchmark Definition:

Minimum total ground cover percentage to maintain soil surface protection from erosion in arid mountain and upland conservation areas.

Justification:

This value represents an empirically derived threshold below which soil surface is inadequately protected from erosive forces of wind and water.

Sources (1)

Preview of Indicators and benchmarks for wind erosion monitoring, assessment and management - USDA ARS
Indicators and benchmarks for wind erosion monitoring, assessment and management - USDA ARS Journal

Indicators and benchmarks for wind erosion monitoring, assessment and management - USDA ARS, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source

Supporting Sources (27)

Additional references from the underlying research that informed this benchmark.

Preview of (PDF) Australian net (1950s-1990) soil organic carbon erosion ..., accessed July 21, 2025,
(PDF) Australian net (1950s-1990) soil organic carbon erosion ..., accessed July 21, 2025,
Contextual Support Journal

Knowledge Review - WaterConnect, accessed July 22, 2025,

View Source
Preview of (PDF) Mineral Nutrition of Plants in Australia's Arid Zone - ResearchGate, accessed July 13, 2025
(PDF) Mineral Nutrition of Plants in Australia's Arid Zone - ResearchGate, accessed July 13, 2025
Contextual Support

(PDF) Mineral Nutrition of Plants in Australia's Arid Zone - ResearchGate

View Source
Preview of A Hierarchical Classification of Wildland Fire Fuels for Australian ..., accessed August 2, 2025
A Hierarchical Classification of Wildland Fire Fuels for Australian ..., accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

(PDF) Modelling Bushfire Fuel Hazard Using Biophysical Parameters - ResearchGate, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of A STATISTICAL REVIEW OF TERRESTRIAL PLOT NETWORKS WITHIN TERN - DBCA Library, accessed August 2, 2025
A STATISTICAL REVIEW OF TERRESTRIAL PLOT NETWORKS WITHIN TERN - DBCA Library, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

TERN (2021) Summary of TERN Plots in the Pilbara, Western Australia, April 2015, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of AusPlots Rangelands - TERN Australia, accessed August 2, 2025
AusPlots Rangelands - TERN Australia, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

AusPlots Rangelands Survey Protocols Manual

View Source
Preview of Australia state of the environment 2021: land, accessed August 2, 2025
Australia state of the environment 2021: land, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Sparrow, B. et al. (2020). AusPlots Rangelands Survey Protocols Manual. Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network.

View Source
Preview of Australia state of the environment 2021: land, accessed May 11, 2025
Australia state of the environment 2021: land, accessed May 11, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Management Standards and Procedures for timber harvesting operations in Victoria’s State forests

View Source
Preview of Australian dryland soils are acidic and nutrient-depleted, and have unique microbial communities compared with other drylands - PMC, accessed August 2, 2025
Australian dryland soils are acidic and nutrient-depleted, and have unique microbial communities compared with other drylands - PMC, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Leakiness: A new index for monitoring the health of arid and semiarid landscapes using remotely sensed vegetation cover and elevation data | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of Australian dryland soils are acidic and nutrient-depleted, and have unique microbial communities compared with other drylands - PMC, accessed August 5, 2025,
Australian dryland soils are acidic and nutrient-depleted, and have unique microbial communities compared with other drylands - PMC, accessed August 5, 2025,
Contextual Support Journal

Root Structure and Functioning for Efficient Acquisition of Phosphorus: Matching Morphological and Physiological Traits

View Source
Preview of Bushfire Risk Management Framework - Parliament of Western Australia, accessed July 15, 2025,
Bushfire Risk Management Framework - Parliament of Western Australia, accessed July 15, 2025,
Regulatory Framework Journal

Fire frequencies for Western Sydney's woodlands: indications from vegetation dynamics - Research Profiles and Repository, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of Can trophic rewilding reduce the impact of fire in a more flammable world? - Journals, accessed August 2, 2025
Can trophic rewilding reduce the impact of fire in a more flammable world? - Journals, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Can trophic rewilding reduce the impact of fire in a more flammable world? - Journals, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of data.csiro.au, accessed August 2, 2025
data.csiro.au, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

data.csiro.au, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia - CSIRO Publishing, accessed August 5, 2025,
Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia - CSIRO Publishing, accessed August 5, 2025,
Contextual Support

Ludwig, J.A., Bastin, G.N., Chewings, V.H., Eager, R.W., and Liedloff, A.C. (2005). Clearing savannas for use as rangelands in Queensland: Altered landscapes and water-erosion processes. Rangeland Journal, 27(2), 135-149.

View Source
Preview of Ground Cover Monitoring for Australia - DAFF, accessed May 11, 2025
Ground Cover Monitoring for Australia - DAFF, accessed May 11, 2025
Contextual Support Government

Grazing-management-for-soil-carbon-in-Australia-A-review.pdf - University of Tasmania, accessed April 29, 2025,

View Source
Preview of Litter accumulation and fire risks show direct and indirect climate-dependence at continental scale - PubMed Central, accessed May 15, 2025
Litter accumulation and fire risks show direct and indirect climate-dependence at continental scale - PubMed Central, accessed May 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Grassy eucalypt woodland of the Victorian volcanic plain - listing advice, accessed August 9, 2025,

View Source
Preview of Maintain and improve groundcover - Local Land Services, accessed July 27, 2025
Maintain and improve groundcover - Local Land Services, accessed July 27, 2025
Contextual Support

Norfolk Island Environmental Assessment Executive Summary, accessed August 3, 2025

View Source
Preview of Marla-Oodnadatta Soil Conservation Board District Plan - Department for Environment and Water, accessed August 2, 2025
Marla-Oodnadatta Soil Conservation Board District Plan - Department for Environment and Water, accessed August 2, 2025
Regulatory Framework Journal

Marla-Oodnadatta Soil Conservation Board District Plan - Department for Environment and Water, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of NSW Bionet Vegetation Classification Data Collection - Research Data Australia
NSW Bionet Vegetation Classification Data Collection - Research Data Australia
Contextual Support Government

NSW Bionet Vegetation Classification Data Collection - Research Data Australia

View Source
Preview of October 2013 - Department for Environment and Water, accessed August 2, 2025
October 2013 - Department for Environment and Water, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

October 2013 - Department for Environment and Water, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of On the Ecology of Australia's Arid Zone: 'Fire Regimes and Ecology of Arid Australia', accessed July 15, 2025
On the Ecology of Australia's Arid Zone: 'Fire Regimes and Ecology of Arid Australia', accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Litter accumulation and fire risks show direct and indirect climate-dependence at continental scale - PubMed Central, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of Rangeland condition: its meaning and use - a discussion paper - DCCEEW, accessed August 2, 2025
Rangeland condition: its meaning and use - a discussion paper - DCCEEW, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Rangeland condition: its meaning and use - a discussion paper - DCCEEW, accessed July 22, 2025

View Source
Preview of Relative contribution of photodegradation to litter breakdown in Australian grasslands - PMC, accessed August 2, 2025
Relative contribution of photodegradation to litter breakdown in Australian grasslands - PMC, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Substrate and climate determine terrestrial litter decomposition - PNAS, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of Remote sensing for rangeland ground cover management - MLA, accessed August 2, 2025
Remote sensing for rangeland ground cover management - MLA, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Can we benchmark annual ground cover maintenance? - CSIRO PUBLISHING | The Rangeland Journal, accessed August 2, 2025

View Source
Preview of Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation - MDPI, accessed August 2, 2025
Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation - MDPI, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation - MDPI, accessed July 20, 2025

View Source
Preview of SOIL CONSERVATION IN AUSTRALIA'S SEMI ARID TROPICS: PATHWAYS TO SUCCESS, AND NEW CHALLENGES - DM Freebairn A and DM Silburn - NSERL, accessed July 8, 2025,
SOIL CONSERVATION IN AUSTRALIA'S SEMI ARID TROPICS: PATHWAYS TO SUCCESS, AND NEW CHALLENGES - DM Freebairn A and DM Silburn - NSERL, accessed July 8, 2025,
Contextual Support Journal

SOIL CONSERVATION IN AUSTRALIA'S SEMI ARID TROPICS: PATHWAYS TO SUCCESS, AND NEW CHALLENGES - DM Freebairn A and DM Silburn - NSERL, accessed July 20, 2025

View Source
Preview of The arid Australian environment - Australian Wildlife Society, accessed July 6, 2025,
The arid Australian environment - Australian Wildlife Society, accessed July 6, 2025,
Contextual Support Journal

Increasing Awareness and Knowledge of Improving ... - AIR EP, accessed July 23, 2025

View Source
Preview of The role of decomposer communities in managing surface fuels: a neglected ecosystem service - CSIRO Publishing, accessed August 2, 2025
The role of decomposer communities in managing surface fuels: a neglected ecosystem service - CSIRO Publishing, accessed August 2, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

The role of decomposer communities in managing surface fuels: a neglected ecosystem service - CSIRO Publishing, accessed July 12, 2025,

View Source

Context

  • Region Australia
  • Biome Arid Mountain Ranges & Uplands
  • Land Use Conservation / Protected Natural Areas
  • Assessment Conservation Target
  • Evidence Type DegradationThreshold

Lifecycle

  • Status Active
  • Version 2
  • Effective From 20 Mar 2026

Notes

This 50% benchmark refers to total ground cover including living plants, cryptogamic crusts, and plant litter. In arid systems, litter can be the largest and most stable component of total cover. No upper detrimental threshold — higher values are always better up to natural saturation.

Related Benchmarks

Other benchmarks in the AUS-AMR-CON-LIT family.

55 % High
Conservation / Protected Natural Areas · Conservation Target
Point Active v1
— % Moderate
Conservation / Protected Natural Areas · Conservation Target
CompositeFramework Active v1
70 % Moderate
Conservation / Protected Natural Areas · Conservation Target
MinimumOnly Superseded v1