Soil Structure & Compaction

AUS-ASC-CON-SSC General Moderate confidence

Benchmark Value

122.6 kPa

Direction: Higher is desirable ↑

Form: Point

Scoring Curve

This curve shows how a field measurement for this indicator would score across all available benchmark forms in this context. The scoring engine uses 4 benchmarks together — the OptimalRange form drives the primary score, while 3 guard(s) constrain the result.

Contributing Benchmarks

OptimalRange Primary Point Guard MaximumOnly Guard MaximumOnly Guard

Evidence & Context

A key piece of proxy data comes from Crisfield et al. (2012), who studied soil compaction in various alpine settings in the Northern Canadian Rockies. For "intact tundra meadows (undisturbed)," they reported a soil compaction value of 1.25 kg/cm2.15 Converting this to standard units (1 kg/cm2 = 98.0665 kPa) yields a penetrometer resistance of approximately 122.6 kPa.

Metric Definition:

Soil penetration resistance (PR) representing the best available condition in Australian alpine and subalpine conservation areas.

Benchmark Definition:

This benchmark represents the naturally uncompacted state of highly organic alpine soils in Australian conservation areas, based on proxy data from comparable undisturbed alpine ecosystems.

Justification:

Derived from proxy data in comparable undisturbed Canadian alpine tundra (122.6 kPa) and supported by low bulk density of Australian Alpine Humus Soils.

Sources (1)

Preview of (PDF) Effects of recreational traffic on alpine plant communities in ..., accessed May 28, 2025

(PDF) Effects of recreational traffic on alpine plant communities in ..., accessed May 28, 2025 Journal

Full article: Effects of Recreational Traffic on Alpine Plant Communities in the Northern Canadian Rockies

Supporting Sources (19)

Additional references from the underlying research that informed this benchmark.

Preview of (PDF) The effect of soil compaction on germination and early growth ..., accessed August 4, 2025,

(PDF) The effect of soil compaction on germination and early growth ..., accessed August 4, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

The effect of soil compaction on germination and early growth of Eucalyptus albens and an exotic annual grass - ResearchGate

Preview of A survey study on Soil compaction problems for new methods in agriculture - ResearchGate, accessed May 28, 2025

A survey study on Soil compaction problems for new methods in agriculture - ResearchGate, accessed May 28, 2025

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

A survey study on Soil compaction problems for new methods in agriculture - ResearchGate, accessed May 28, 2025

Preview of An Assessment of the scientific adequacy of grazing studies in the Victorian High Country 1945 - 1998, with some recommendations for future research, accessed on May 25, 2025,

An Assessment of the scientific adequacy of grazing studies in the Victorian High Country 1945 - 1998, with some recommendations for future research, accessed on May 25, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE FUTURE OF CATTLE GRAZING IN THE ALPINE NATIONAL PARK

Preview of Distribution, nature and threats to soils of the Australian Alps: A review - ResearchGate, accessed August 28, 2025,

Distribution, nature and threats to soils of the Australian Alps: A review - ResearchGate, accessed August 28, 2025,

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE FUTURE OF CATTLE GRAZING IN THE ALPINE NATIONAL PARK

Preview of Full article: Effects of Recreational Traffic on Alpine Plant Communities in the Northern Canadian Rockies

Full article: Effects of Recreational Traffic on Alpine Plant Communities in the Northern Canadian Rockies

Contextual Support Journal

Full article: Effects of Recreational Traffic on Alpine Plant Communities in the Northern Canadian Rockies, accessed May 28, 2025

Preview of Full article: Impacts of Road Disturbance on Soil Properties and on Exotic Plant Occurrence in Subalpine Areas of the Australian Alps - Taylor & Francis Online, accessed May 28, 2025

Full article: Impacts of Road Disturbance on Soil Properties and on Exotic Plant Occurrence in Subalpine Areas of the Australian Alps - Taylor & Francis Online, accessed May 28, 2025

Contextual Support Journal

www.nrc.nsw.gov.au, accessed on May 27, 2025

Preview of high soil strength - fact sheet - Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC)

high soil strength - fact sheet - Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC)

Direct Evidence

high soil strength - fact sheet - Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), accessed May 28, 2025

Preview of Impacts of Nature Tourism on the Mount Kosciuszko Alpine Area ..., accessed May 28, 2025

Impacts of Nature Tourism on the Mount Kosciuszko Alpine Area ..., accessed May 28, 2025

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

water catchment | Australian Alps National Parks, accessed May 13, 2026,

Preview of Mortality of Australian alpine grasses (Poa spp ... - Oxford Academic

Mortality of Australian alpine grasses (Poa spp ... - Oxford Academic

Contextual Support

Alpine soils in Australia with reference to conditions in Europe and New Zealand

Preview of Nitrogen dynamics in alpine soils of south ... - CSIRO Publishing, accessed August 28, 2025,

Nitrogen dynamics in alpine soils of south ... - CSIRO Publishing, accessed August 28, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Nitrogen dynamics in alpine soils of south-eastern Australia - CSIRO Publishing

Preview of NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (n.d.). The Australian Alps Bioregion.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (n.d.). The Australian Alps Bioregion.

Contextual Support Journal

Australian Alps Montane Grasslands | One Earth, accessed May 11, 2026,

Preview of Rehabilitation Field Guide | Australian Alps National Parks, accessed on May 25, 2025,

Rehabilitation Field Guide | Australian Alps National Parks, accessed on May 25, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

A strategy for dealing with invasive species in Australia

Preview of RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONE PENETRATION RESISTANCE, BULK DENSITY, AND MOISTURE CONTENT IN UNCULTIVATED, REPACKED, AND CULTIVATED, accessed August 4, 2025,

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONE PENETRATION RESISTANCE, BULK DENSITY, AND MOISTURE CONTENT IN UNCULTIVATED, REPACKED, AND CULTIVATED, accessed August 4, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONE PENETRATION RESISTANCE, BULK DENSITY, AND MOISTURE CONTENT IN UNCULTIVATED, REPACKED, AND CULTIVATED, accessed May 28, 2025

Preview of Soil Compaction Explained - Soil Quality Knowledge Base, accessed August 2, 2025,

Soil Compaction Explained - Soil Quality Knowledge Base, accessed August 2, 2025,

Contextual Support

high soil strength - fact sheet - GRDC

Preview of Soil ecosystem health and services – Evaluation of ecological indicators susceptible to chemical stressors | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 28, 2025

Soil ecosystem health and services – Evaluation of ecological indicators susceptible to chemical stressors | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 28, 2025

Contextual Support

Soil ecosystem health and services – Evaluation of ecological indicators susceptible to chemical stressors | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed May 28, 2025

Preview of Soil Penetration Resistance as a Soil Health Indicator - SDSU Extension - South Dakota State University, accessed August 4, 2025,

Soil Penetration Resistance as a Soil Health Indicator - SDSU Extension - South Dakota State University, accessed August 4, 2025,

Direct Evidence Government

Soil compaction and strength; measurement methods and influences on perennial grass growth.

Preview of theaustralianalpsnationalparks.org, accessed on May 25, 2025,

theaustralianalpsnationalparks.org, accessed on May 25, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Phosphorus Nutrition of Proteaceae in Severely Phosphorus-Impoverished Soils: Are There Lessons To Be Learned for Future Crops? - PubMed Central

Preview of theaustralianalpsnationalparks.org, accessed on May 29, 2025,

theaustralianalpsnationalparks.org, accessed on May 29, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Soil Conservation in Alpine Catchments - The Kosciuszko Huts Association, accessed August 17, 2025,

Preview of www.environment.nsw.gov.au, accessed May 28, 2025

www.environment.nsw.gov.au, accessed May 28, 2025

Contextual Support

www.environment.nsw.gov.au, accessed May 28, 2025

Context

Region Australia
Biome Alpine and Subalpine Complex
Land Use Conservation / Protected Natural Areas
Assessment Not Stated
Evidence Type ReferenceCondition

Lifecycle

Status Active
Version 1
Effective From 2 Jun 2026

Notes

This benchmark value is a scientifically grounded estimate for Australian alpine environments under best-practice conservation management, reflecting the natural low compaction state. No upper detrimental threshold — higher values are not desirable beyond this point. AssessmentContext defaulted to 'Not Stated' because the source document did not state one.

Related Benchmarks

Other benchmarks in the AUS-ASC-CON-SSC family.