Ground Cover - Tree Canopy

AUS-TSW-CON-TCC General Moderate confidence

Benchmark Value

50 %
Direction: Lower is desirable ↓
Form: MaximumOnly

Scoring Curve

This curve shows how a field measurement for this indicator would score across all available benchmark forms in this context. The scoring engine uses 2 benchmarks together — the MinimumOnly form drives the primary score, while 1 guard(s) constrain the result.

Contributing Benchmarks

MinimumOnly Primary MaximumOnly Guard

Evidence & Context

a tree canopy cover consistently exceeding 50% can be considered an indicator of a potentially degraded state due to woody thickening.

Metric Definition:

Tree canopy cover calculated as the percentage of point-intercept hits on 'tree' growth form species.

Benchmark Definition:

The upper detrimental threshold beyond which woody thickening occurs.

Justification:

Excessive canopy cover leads to the suppression of understorey biodiversity, degradation of habitat structure (lack of old, hollow-bearing trees), and altered hydrology.

Sources (1)

Preview of An overview of the ecology, management and conservation of Australia's temperate woodlands | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
An overview of the ecology, management and conservation of Australia's temperate woodlands | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025

What Can We Learn From Weeds - Weeds & soils, as dynamic accumulators - Regenerative Agriculture Blog, accessed July 7, 2025

View Source

Supporting Sources (37)

Additional references from the underlying research that informed this benchmark.

Preview of (PDF) Assessing forestland area based on canopy cover in a semi-arid region: A case study, accessed July 15, 2025
(PDF) Assessing forestland area based on canopy cover in a semi-arid region: A case study, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Quantifying the impact of coarse woody debris on soil and vegetation in a cleared temperate woodland. - Open Research Repository, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of (PDF) ausplotsR: An R package for rapid extraction and analysis of vegetation and soil data collected by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
(PDF) ausplotsR: An R package for rapid extraction and analysis of vegetation and soil data collected by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source

(PDF) ausplotsR: An R package for rapid extraction and analysis of vegetation and soil data collected by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - ResearchGate

View Source
Preview of (PDF) Rainfall, land use and woody vegetation cover change in semi-arid Australian savanna - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
(PDF) Rainfall, land use and woody vegetation cover change in semi-arid Australian savanna - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

(PDF) Rainfall, land use and woody vegetation cover change in semi-arid Australian savanna - ResearchGate

View Source
Preview of A Vegetation and Soil Survey Method for Surveillance Monitoring of Rangeland Environments - Frontiers, accessed July 15, 2025
A Vegetation and Soil Survey Method for Surveillance Monitoring of Rangeland Environments - Frontiers, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source

Floristic and structural assessment of Australian rangeland ..., accessed July 27, 2025

View Source
Preview of A Vegetation and Soil Survey Method for Surveillance Monitoring of Rangeland Environments - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
A Vegetation and Soil Survey Method for Surveillance Monitoring of Rangeland Environments - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source

(PDF) ausplotsR: An R package for rapid extraction and analysis of vegetation and soil data collected by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of ausplotsR: An R package for rapid extraction and analysis of vegetation and soil data collected by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - IDEAS/RePEc, accessed July 15, 2025
ausplotsR: An R package for rapid extraction and analysis of vegetation and soil data collected by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - IDEAS/RePEc, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source

Environmental associations of abundance-weighted functional traits in Australian plant communities - Macquarie University, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of ausplotsR: TERN AusPlots Australian Ecosystem Monitoring Data - The Comprehensive R Archive Network, accessed July 15, 2025
ausplotsR: TERN AusPlots Australian Ecosystem Monitoring Data - The Comprehensive R Archive Network, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source Journal

ASC - CHROMOSOLS - Soil Science Australia

View Source
Preview of Australia's bioregions (IBRA) - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025
Australia's bioregions (IBRA) - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA), Version 7 (Regions)

View Source
Preview of Can ecological thinning deliver conservation outcomes in high-density river red gum forests? Establishing an adaptive management experiment - ResearchGate, accessed July 12, 2025,
Can ecological thinning deliver conservation outcomes in high-density river red gum forests? Establishing an adaptive management experiment - ResearchGate, accessed July 12, 2025,
Contextual Support Journal

Riverina River red gum reserves in NSW and Victoria - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of Carbon sequestration in forests and woodlands (savannas)., accessed July 15, 2025
Carbon sequestration in forests and woodlands (savannas)., accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Effects of Changes in Canopy Cover on Understory Vegetation in the Long Island Pine Barrens Andrew Siefert Office of Science, SU, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of East Australian Mediterranean Woodlands & Temperate Savannas ..., accessed July 15, 2025
East Australian Mediterranean Woodlands & Temperate Savannas ..., accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Plants of the mallee shrublands - Australian National Botanic Gardens, accessed July 13, 2025

View Source
Preview of Eastern Australian temperate forests - Wikipedia, accessed July 15, 2025
Eastern Australian temperate forests - Wikipedia, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Eastern Australian temperate forests - Wikipedia

View Source
Preview of Effects of Changes in Canopy Cover on Understory Vegetation in the Long Island Pine Barrens Andrew Siefert Office of Science, SU, accessed July 15, 2025
Effects of Changes in Canopy Cover on Understory Vegetation in the Long Island Pine Barrens Andrew Siefert Office of Science, SU, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Effects of Changes in Canopy Cover on Understory Vegetation in the Long Island Pine Barrens Andrew Siefert Office of Science, SU

View Source
Preview of Environmental associations of abundance-weighted functional traits in Australian plant communities - Macquarie University, accessed July 15, 2025
Environmental associations of abundance-weighted functional traits in Australian plant communities - Macquarie University, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Victorian Semi-arid Woodlands - Arthur Rylah Institute, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of Evaluating the Relationship Between Vegetation Status and Soil Moisture in Semi-Arid Woodlands, Central Australia, Using Daily Thermal, Vegetation Index, and Reflectance Data - MDPI, accessed July 15, 2025
Evaluating the Relationship Between Vegetation Status and Soil Moisture in Semi-Arid Woodlands, Central Australia, Using Daily Thermal, Vegetation Index, and Reflectance Data - MDPI, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

(PDF) Assessing forestland area based on canopy cover in a semi-arid region: A case study, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: towards a global synthesis - PubMed Central, accessed July 12, 2025,
Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: towards a global synthesis - PubMed Central, accessed July 12, 2025,
Direct Evidence

Carbon sequestration in forests and woodlands (savannas)., accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands - Wikipedia, accessed July 15, 2025
Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands - Wikipedia, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Working Draft - Grower Group Alliance

View Source
Preview of NVIS Fact sheet MVG 10 – Other forests and woodlands, accessed July 15, 2025
NVIS Fact sheet MVG 10 – Other forests and woodlands, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

TERN: Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - The Waite, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of NVIS Fact sheet MVG 14 – Mallee woodlands and shrublands - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025
NVIS Fact sheet MVG 14 – Mallee woodlands and shrublands - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Direct Evidence Journal

NVIS Fact sheet MVG 14 – Mallee woodlands and shrublands - DCCEEW, accessed August 28, 2025

View Source
Preview of NVIS Fact sheet MVG 17 – Other shrublands - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025
NVIS Fact sheet MVG 17 – Other shrublands - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

NVIS Fact sheet MVG 19 – Tussock grasslands, accessed July 13, 2025

View Source
Preview of NVIS Fact sheet series Introduction to MVG fact sheets - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025
NVIS Fact sheet series Introduction to MVG fact sheets - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

NVIS Fact sheet MVG 17 – Other shrublands - DCCEEW, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of Opportunities for Integrated Ecological Analysis across Inland Australia with Standardised Data from Ausplots Rangelands - PubMed Central, accessed July 15, 2025
Opportunities for Integrated Ecological Analysis across Inland Australia with Standardised Data from Ausplots Rangelands - PubMed Central, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

ausplotsR: quickstart guide to basic analysis of TERN AusPlots ...

View Source
Preview of Plots & Transects - TERN Australia, accessed July 15, 2025
Plots & Transects - TERN Australia, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source Government

How to use TERN's Ecosystem Surveillance Monitoring Data - atlassian

View Source
Preview of Quantifying the impact of coarse woody debris on soil and vegetation in a cleared temperate woodland. - Open Research Repository, accessed July 15, 2025
Quantifying the impact of coarse woody debris on soil and vegetation in a cleared temperate woodland. - Open Research Repository, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Quantifying the impact of coarse woody debris on soil and vegetation in a cleared temperate woodland. - Open Research Repository

View Source
Preview of research report - University of Technology Sydney, accessed July 15, 2025
research report - University of Technology Sydney, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Net woody vegetation increase confined to seasonally inundated lowlands in an Australian tropical savanna, Victoria River District, Northern Territory - PubMed Central

View Source
Preview of Riverina River red gum reserves in NSW and Victoria - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
Riverina River red gum reserves in NSW and Victoria - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

(PDF) Rainfall, land use and woody vegetation cover change in semi-arid Australian savanna - ResearchGate, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of Shifts in floristic composition and structure in Australian rangelands | PLOS One, accessed July 15, 2025
Shifts in floristic composition and structure in Australian rangelands | PLOS One, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Shifts in floristic composition and structure in Australian rangelands | PLOS One, accessed July 29, 2025,

View Source
Preview of South Australian Arid Lands Biodiversity Strategy - Convention on Biological Diversity, accessed July 15, 2025
South Australian Arid Lands Biodiversity Strategy - Convention on Biological Diversity, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

South Australian Arid Lands Biodiversity Strategy - Convention on Biological Diversity

View Source
Preview of Southeast Australia temperate savanna - Wikipedia, accessed August 4, 2025
Southeast Australia temperate savanna - Wikipedia, accessed August 4, 2025
Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Southeast Australia temperate savanna - Wikipedia

View Source
Preview of TERN Ecosystem Surveillance: Plant Occurrence - TERN Data Discovery Portal, accessed July 15, 2025
TERN Ecosystem Surveillance: Plant Occurrence - TERN Data Discovery Portal, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source

TERN Ecosystem Surveillance: Plant Occurrence Data

View Source
Preview of TERN: Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - The Waite, accessed July 15, 2025
TERN: Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network - The Waite, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source

A Vegetation and Soil Survey Method for Surveillance Monitoring of Rangeland Environments - Frontiers, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of ternaustralia/ausplotsR: R package to interact with TERN AusPlots data - GitHub, accessed July 15, 2025
ternaustralia/ausplotsR: R package to interact with TERN AusPlots data - GitHub, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source

ausplotsR: quickstart guide to basic analysis of TERN AusPlots vegetation data

View Source
Preview of The value of standardised field survey methods for researchers - UQ eSpace, accessed July 15, 2025
The value of standardised field survey methods for researchers - UQ eSpace, accessed July 15, 2025
Methodology Source Journal

The value of standardised field survey methods for researchers - UQ eSpace, accessed July 15, 2025

View Source
Preview of Under the Canopy - A guide to the rainforests of NSW, accessed July 15, 2025
Under the Canopy - A guide to the rainforests of NSW, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support Journal

Under the Canopy - A guide to the rainforests of NSW

View Source
Preview of Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of understorey biomass in semi-arid woodlands of south-eastern Australia - CSIRO PUBLISHING | The Rangeland Journal, accessed July 15, 2025
Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of understorey biomass in semi-arid woodlands of south-eastern Australia - CSIRO PUBLISHING | The Rangeland Journal, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Responses of grass productivity traits to bush clearing in semi-arid rangelands in North-West Province of South Africa - CSIRO Publishing, accessed July 10, 2025

View Source
Preview of Victorian Semi-arid Woodlands - Arthur Rylah Institute, accessed July 15, 2025
Victorian Semi-arid Woodlands - Arthur Rylah Institute, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Victorian Semi-arid Woodlands - Arthur Rylah Institute

View Source
Preview of Woodland environments - NSW National Parks, accessed July 15, 2025
Woodland environments - NSW National Parks, accessed July 15, 2025
Contextual Support

Woodland environments - NSW National Parks

View Source

Context

  • Region Australia
  • Biome Temperate Semi-Arid Shrublands & Open Woodlands
  • Land Use Conservation / Protected Natural Areas
  • Assessment Not Stated
  • Evidence Type DegradationThreshold

Lifecycle

  • Status Active
  • Version 1
  • Effective From 28 May 2026

Notes

The transition from 'open woodland' to 'closed woodland' or 'forest' structure marks this detrimental shift. AssessmentContext defaulted to 'Not Stated' because the source document did not state one.

Related Benchmarks

Other benchmarks in the AUS-TSW-CON-TCC family.

25 % High
Conservation / Protected Natural Areas · Pristine Reference
Point Active v1
10 % Moderate
Conservation / Protected Natural Areas · Not Stated
MinimumOnly Active v1