Litter Cover — Benchmark Detail - Nature Index

Benchmark Value

No specific value — see range

Range: 20 to 45 %

Optimal Range: 20 to 45

Direction: Higher is desirable ↑

Form: OptimalRange

Scoring Curve

This curve shows how a field measurement for this indicator would score across all available benchmark forms in this context.

Evidence & Context

"Depending on the age and composition of the tree species, bark can easily account for up to~20-45% of the litter layer in Eucalyptus forests"

Metric Definition:

The proportion of the total litter layer (mass or volume) represented by bark tissue

Benchmark Definition:

This benchmark represents the proportion of the litter layer made up by bark tissue in Eucalyptus forests within the Alpine and Subalpine Complex biome under production forestry land use.

Justification:

Bark is a persistent structural component of the litter layer that regulates moisture and protects the soil.

Sources (1)

Preview of Woods, P. V., & Raison, R. J. (1983). Decomposition of litter in sub-alpine forests of Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. pauciflora and E. dives. Australian Journal of Ecology.

Woods, P. V., & Raison, R. J. (1983). Decomposition of litter in sub-alpine forests of Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. pauciflora and E. dives. Australian Journal of Ecology. GreyLiterature

Woods, P. V., & Raison, R. J. (1983). Decomposition of litter in sub-alpine forests of Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. pauciflora and E. dives. Australian Journal of Ecology.

Supporting Sources (18)

Additional references from the underlying research that informed this benchmark.

Preview of (PDF) Identifying Best Management Practices for Riparian Habitats in Gippsland Dairy Regions: Riparian Condition and Relationships with Farm Management - ResearchGate, accessed March 27, 2026,

(PDF) Identifying Best Management Practices for Riparian Habitats in Gippsland Dairy Regions: Riparian Condition and Relationships with Farm Management - ResearchGate, accessed March 27, 2026,

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

(PDF) Identifying Best Management Practices for Riparian Habitats in Gippsland Dairy Regions: Riparian Condition and Relationships with Farm Management - ResearchGate, accessed March 27, 2026,

Preview of Australia's forests – overview - DAFF, accessed August 5, 2025,

Australia's forests – overview - DAFF, accessed August 5, 2025,

Contextual Support

Boland, D. J., & Dunn, A. T. (1985). Eucalyptus delegatensis: Its ecology and management. Forestry Commission of NSW.

Preview of Budget of Plant Litter and Litter Carbon in the Subalpine Forest Streams - MDPI, accessed March 27, 2026,

Budget of Plant Litter and Litter Carbon in the Subalpine Forest Streams - MDPI, accessed March 27, 2026,

Contextual Support Journal

Budget of Plant Litter and Litter Carbon in the Subalpine Forest Streams - MDPI, accessed March 27, 2026,

Preview of Burning outcomes following aggregated retention harvesting in old-growth wet eucalypt forests - ResearchGate

Burning outcomes following aggregated retention harvesting in old-growth wet eucalypt forests - ResearchGate

Contextual Support Journal

Burning outcomes following aggregated retention harvesting in old-growth wet eucalypt forests - ResearchGate

Preview of Cruz, M. G., et al. (2022). Vesta Mk 2: A new model for predicting the rate of spread of fires in eucalypt forests. CSIRO.

Cruz, M. G., et al. (2022). Vesta Mk 2: A new model for predicting the rate of spread of fires in eucalypt forests. CSIRO.

Contextual Support Journal

Cruz, M. G., et al. (2022). Vesta Mk 2: A new model for predicting the rate of spread of fires in eucalypt forests. CSIRO.

Preview of Decomposition of litter in sub-alpine forests of Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. pauciflora and E. dives | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed March 27, 2026,

Decomposition of litter in sub-alpine forests of Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. pauciflora and E. dives | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed March 27, 2026,

Direct Evidence Journal

Decomposition of litter in sub-alpine forests of Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. pauciflora and E. dives | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed March 27, 2026,

Preview of Initial Carbon Quality of Newly Shed Foliar Litter in an Alpine Forest from Proximate Analysis and 13 C NMR Spectroscopy Perspectives - MDPI, accessed March 27, 2026,

Initial Carbon Quality of Newly Shed Foliar Litter in an Alpine Forest from Proximate Analysis and 13 C NMR Spectroscopy Perspectives - MDPI, accessed March 27, 2026,

Contextual Support Journal

Initial Carbon Quality of Newly Shed Foliar Litter in an Alpine Forest from Proximate Analysis and 13 C NMR Spectroscopy Perspectives - MDPI, accessed March 27, 2026,

Preview of Johnston, F. M., & Pickering, C. M. (2001). Recovery of Alpine Area Vegetation after Fire and Grazing. Kosciuszko National Park.

Johnston, F. M., & Pickering, C. M. (2001). Recovery of Alpine Area Vegetation after Fire and Grazing. Kosciuszko National Park.

Contextual Support Direct Evidence Journal

Persistence of mature forest biodiversity elements in a production forest landscape managed under a Regional Forest Agreement - Parliament of Tasmania

Preview of Leaf litter breakdown and the associated biota of five southeastern Australian alpine and sub‐alpine streams

Leaf litter breakdown and the associated biota of five southeastern Australian alpine and sub‐alpine streams

Contextual Support Direct Evidence Journal

Leaf litter breakdown along an elevational gradient in Australian alpine streams - PMC - NIH, accessed March 27, 2026,

Preview of Maintaining groundcover to reduce erosion and sustain production - NSW Department of Primary Industries

Maintaining groundcover to reduce erosion and sustain production - NSW Department of Primary Industries

Contextual Support Journal

Burning outcomes following aggregated retention harvesting in old-growth wet eucalypt forests - ResearchGate, accessed March 27, 2026,

Preview of Maintaining groundcover to reduce erosion and sustain production - NSW Department of Primary Industries, accessed July 22, 2025,

Maintaining groundcover to reduce erosion and sustain production - NSW Department of Primary Industries, accessed July 22, 2025,

Direct Evidence Journal

Lang, D. (1979). Groundcover for pastures. Journal of Soil Conservation NSW.

Preview of Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest

Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest

Contextual Support Journal

Forestry Tasmania. (2011). Monitoring and protecting eucalypt regeneration. Native Forest Silviculture Technical Bulletin No. 12.

Preview of Prior, L. D., et al. (2016). Environmental and human drivers influencing large old tree abundance in Australian wet forests. Forest Ecology and Management.

Prior, L. D., et al. (2016). Environmental and human drivers influencing large old tree abundance in Australian wet forests. Forest Ecology and Management.

Direct Evidence Journal

Prior, L. D., et al. (2016). Environmental and human drivers influencing large old tree abundance in Australian wet forests. Forest Ecology and Management.

Preview of Recovery of fire-sensitive vegetation communities in Namadgi National Park and Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve after the 2020 Orroral Valley Bushfire - ACT Government, accessed March 27, 2026,

Recovery of fire-sensitive vegetation communities in Namadgi National Park and Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve after the 2020 Orroral Valley Bushfire - ACT Government, accessed March 27, 2026,

Direct Evidence Journal

Recovery of fire-sensitive vegetation communities in Namadgi National Park and Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve after the 2020 Orroral Valley Bushfire - ACT Government, accessed March 27, 2026,

Preview of Submission to the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission - Parliament of Australia, accessed March 27, 2026,

Submission to the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission - Parliament of Australia, accessed March 27, 2026,

Direct Evidence Journal

Review of C:N Ratios in Vegetation, Litter and Soil Under Australian Native Forests and Plantations - DCCEEW, accessed March 27, 2026,

Preview of TERN. (2015). AusPlots Forest Monitoring Network Fuel Survey.

TERN. (2015). AusPlots Forest Monitoring Network Fuel Survey.

Contextual Support Journal

Sustainable Timber Tasmania. (2024). Forest Management Plan.

Preview of The distribution and community structure of bryophytes on Mt. Barrow

The distribution and community structure of bryophytes on Mt. Barrow

Direct Evidence

The distribution and community structure of bryophytes on Mt. Barrow

Preview of Wind erosion | Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, accessed July 23, 2025

Wind erosion | Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, accessed July 23, 2025

Direct Evidence Government

Macroecology of Australian Tall Eucalypt Forests: Baseline Data from a Continental-Scale Permanent Plot Network - PMC, accessed March 27, 2026,

Context

Region Australia
Biome Alpine and Subalpine Complex
Land Use Production Forestry
Assessment Pristine Reference
Evidence Type ReferenceCondition

Lifecycle

Status Active
Version 1
Effective From 27 Mar 2026

Notes

No upper detrimental threshold — higher values are always better up to natural saturation. This refers to the specific bark component within the broader litter layer.

Related Benchmarks

Other benchmarks in the AUS-ASC-FOR-LIT family.