Soil Phosphorus

AUS-AKW-LVG-SOP General Moderate confidence

Benchmark Value

No specific value — see range

Range: 10 to 13 mg/kg

Optimal Range: 10 to 13

Direction: Lower is desirable ↓

Form: OptimalRange

Scoring Curve

This curve shows how a field measurement for this indicator would score across all available benchmark forms in this context. The scoring engine uses 8 benchmarks together — the OptimalRange form drives the primary score, while 7 guard(s) constrain the result.

Contributing Benchmarks

OptimalRange Primary LowerThreshold Guard UpperThreshold Guard Point Guard OptimalRange Guard LowerThreshold Guard UpperThreshold Guard Point Guard

Evidence & Context

This 10–13 mg/kg Olsen P range is the ideal candidate for the benchmark. It is based on measured outcomes in a real-world, managed native pasture system. It explicitly balances the dual goals of maintaining native plant cover (ecological integrity) and achieving production benefits (sustainable land use). It sits comfortably in the middle of the safe operating window (5-20 mg/kg), well below the detrimental upper threshold of 20 mg/kg.

Metric Definition:

Soil available phosphorus range representing the best-on-offer benchmark balancing ecological health and sustainable grazing production

Benchmark Definition:

This benchmark defines the optimal soil phosphorus range that balances ecological health and sustainable livestock production in arid grazing systems.

Justification:

Empirically derived optimum based on native pasture management outcomes

Sources (1)

Preview of Improving native pastures - FutureBeef, accessed August 5, 2025,

Improving native pastures - FutureBeef, accessed August 5, 2025, Journal

Improving native pastures - FutureBeef, accessed July 23, 2025,

Supporting Sources (19)

Additional references from the underlying research that informed this benchmark.

Preview of (PDF) Mineral Nutrition of Plants in Australia's Arid Zone - ResearchGate, accessed July 23, 2025,

(PDF) Mineral Nutrition of Plants in Australia's Arid Zone - ResearchGate, accessed July 23, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Ecology of Australia: The effects of nutrient-poor soils and intense fires - ResearchGate

Preview of A review of the economics of regenerative agriculture in Western Australia - DPIRD's Digital library, accessed August 4, 2025

A review of the economics of regenerative agriculture in Western Australia - DPIRD's Digital library, accessed August 4, 2025

Contextual Support Journal

A review of the economics of regenerative agriculture in Western Australia - DPIRD's Digital library, accessed August 5, 2025,

Preview of A simple phosphorus buffering index for Australian soils - University of Tasmania Open Access Repository Cover sheet

A simple phosphorus buffering index for Australian soils - University of Tasmania Open Access Repository Cover sheet

Contextual Support GreyLiterature

Cycling of phosphorus in grazing systems - NSW Department of Primary Industries

Preview of Australian dryland soils are acidic and nutrient-depleted, and have unique microbial communities compared with other drylands - PMC, accessed July 23, 2025,

Australian dryland soils are acidic and nutrient-depleted, and have unique microbial communities compared with other drylands - PMC, accessed July 23, 2025,

Contextual Support

Climate change impacts on Australian Rangelands - Society for Range Management, accessed July 23, 2025, ].pdf

Preview of Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space for time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments - CSIRO Research Publications Repository, accessed July 18, 2025,

Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space for time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments - CSIRO Research Publications Repository, accessed July 18, 2025,

Direct Evidence Journal

Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? - Great Barrier Reef Foundation, accessed July 28, 2025,

Preview of Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space for time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments - CSIRO Research Publications Repository, accessed July 23, 2025,

Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space for time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments - CSIRO Research Publications Repository, accessed July 23, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Grazing Systems to Retain and Redistribute Soil Phosphorus and to Reduce Phosphorus Losses in Runoff - MDPI, accessed July 23, 2025,

Preview of Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia - CSIRO Publishing, accessed July 23, 2025,

Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia - CSIRO Publishing, accessed July 23, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia - CSIRO Publishing, accessed July 23, 2025,

Preview of Geology of the Nullarbor Plain (Webb and James 2006; courtesy JA Webb). - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025,

Geology of the Nullarbor Plain (Webb and James 2006; courtesy JA Webb). - ResearchGate, accessed July 26, 2025,

Direct Evidence

Report 119: Cenozoic evolution of the Nullarbor Plain paleokarst, southern Australia - NET, accessed July 24, 2025

Preview of Limited evidence for the use of livestock for the conservation management of exotic plant cover - CSIRO PUBLISHING | Australian Journal of Botany, accessed July 23, 2025,

Limited evidence for the use of livestock for the conservation management of exotic plant cover - CSIRO PUBLISHING | Australian Journal of Botany, accessed July 23, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Limited evidence for the use of livestock for the conservation management of exotic plant cover - CSIRO PUBLISHING | Australian Journal of Botany, accessed July 23, 2025,

Preview of Managing Grazing to Restore Soil Health, Ecosystem Function, and Ecosystem Services - Frontiers, accessed July 30, 2025,

Managing Grazing to Restore Soil Health, Ecosystem Function, and Ecosystem Services - Frontiers, accessed July 30, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia - CSIRO Publishing, accessed July 10, 2025,

Preview of Nullarbor Plains Xeric Shrublands | One Earth, accessed July 26, 2025,

Nullarbor Plains Xeric Shrublands | One Earth, accessed July 26, 2025,

Contextual Support

State Soils - Soil Science Australia

Preview of Phosphorus for high rainfall pastures - DPIRD's Digital library, accessed July 23, 2025,

Phosphorus for high rainfall pastures - DPIRD's Digital library, accessed July 23, 2025,

Contextual Support

Phosphorus Nutrition of Proteaceae in Severely Phosphorus-Impoverished Soils: Are There Lessons To Be Learned for Future Crops? - PubMed Central, accessed July 18, 2025,

Preview of Phosphorus Plays Key Roles in Regulating Plants' Physiological Responses to Abiotic Stresses - MDPI, accessed July 23, 2025,

Phosphorus Plays Key Roles in Regulating Plants' Physiological Responses to Abiotic Stresses - MDPI, accessed July 23, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

Phosphorus Plays Key Roles in Regulating Plants' Physiological Responses to Abiotic Stresses - MDPI

Preview of Regenerative agriculture in Australia: the changing face of farming - Frontiers, accessed August 4, 2025

Regenerative agriculture in Australia: the changing face of farming - Frontiers, accessed August 4, 2025

Contextual Support Journal

NCC: Regenerative Agriculture and Soil Health - Wet Tropics Plan, accessed July 27, 2025,

Preview of SA Arid Lands | From the Ground Up - Landscape South Australia, accessed July 25, 2025

SA Arid Lands | From the Ground Up - Landscape South Australia, accessed July 25, 2025

Contextual Support Government

Rangelands Living Skin - NSW Department of Primary Industries, accessed July 30, 2025,

Preview of Scale�related effects of grazing on native plant communities in an arid rangeland region of South Australia | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 29, 2025,

Scale�related effects of grazing on native plant communities in an arid rangeland region of South Australia | Request PDF - ResearchGate, accessed July 29, 2025,

Direct Evidence

The effects of drought and climate variability on Australian farms - DAFF, accessed August 28, 2025,

Preview of Soil organic matter in cropping systems - NSW Department of Primary Industries, accessed July 22, 2025,

Soil organic matter in cropping systems - NSW Department of Primary Industries, accessed July 22, 2025,

Contextual Support Journal

III. WORKING PAPERS - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed July 26, 2025,

Preview of Soil phosphorus and tree cover modify the effects of livestock grazing on plant species richness in Australian grassy woodland - ResearchGate, accessed August 11, 2025

Soil phosphorus and tree cover modify the effects of livestock grazing on plant species richness in Australian grassy woodland - ResearchGate, accessed August 11, 2025

Direct Evidence

(PDF) Soil phosphorus and tree cover modify the effects of livestock grazing on plant species richness in Australian grassy woodland - ResearchGate

Preview of Understanding soil tests for pastures | Soil | Farm management ..., accessed May 12, 2025

Understanding soil tests for pastures | Soil | Farm management ..., accessed May 12, 2025

Contextual Support Government

Understanding soil tests for pastures

Context

Region Australia
Biome Arid Karstic Woodlands & Shrublands
Land Use Livestock Grazing & Pasture
Assessment Pristine Reference
Evidence Type TargetCondition

Lifecycle

Status Active
Version 1
Effective From 19 Mar 2026

Notes

Represents a high-functioning state within the safe operating window, balancing ecological integrity and production benefits.

Related Benchmarks

Other benchmarks in the AUS-AKW-LVG-SOP family.